Can a healthy diet prevent cataracts?

Age-related cataract is a leading cause of blindness in the world today. Currently, the only treatment for cataracts is surgical removal of the cloudy lens, which typically is then replaced with an intraocular lens (IOL) during the cataract surgery.
While the exact cause of cataracts is unknown, experts believe that oxidative stress damages certain enzymes and proteins in the eye's natural lens, which causes the lens to become cloudy.
And though some research has produced conflicting results, eating a healthy diet rich in antioxidants and certain vitamins has been shown in several studies to be associated with a reduced risk of cataracts or their progression.

Diet, Oxidative Stress and Cataracts

Oxidative stress results when there is an imbalance between damaging free radicals roaming the body and the antioxidants that keep them in check. Free radicals are atoms or groups of atoms (molecules) that are highly reactive with other atoms and molecules because they have unpaired electrons.
In the body, a free radical usually is an oxygen molecule that self-stabilizes by taking an electron from another molecule, which in turn tries to take an electron from another molecule, and so on.
Free radicals damage the body by stealing electrons from the normally healthy cells of organs and other tissues. This process of stealing electrons from healthy cells is called oxidation.
In the eye, oxidation affects proteins and fats in the lens to the extent that the lens becomes damaged and cloudy, creating a cataract. Preventing free radical damage with healthy foods, particularly those containing antioxidants, may help slow down this process.
Free radicals that damage our eyes and the rest of the body may originate from eating unhealthy foods, exposure to pollution or chemicals, smoking and ultraviolet radiation. Some free radicals occur from normal daily metabolism, which means even people who don't have these risk factors need antioxidants found in healthy foods.

Healthy Foods and Cataract Prevention

People who consistently follow a healthy diet that includes colourful fruits, vegetables and whole grains may show a decreased risk of cataracts. Antioxidant vitamins and phytochemicals found in fruits and vegetables that may reduce the risk of cataracts include vitamins A, C and E, lutein and zeaxanthin.
Consumption of fish, which is high in omega-3 fatty acids, also has been linked to potentially reduced risk of cataracts or their progression.
Here is a sample of recent research that suggests a healthy diet and specific eye vitamins may help prevent cataracts:

A diet that includes plenty of fruits and vegetables may reduce your risk of cataracts later in life.

• In a study published in Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science in June 2010, researchers in Australia found that a diet high in carbohydrates may increase cataract risk. Evaluation of the eating habits of more than 1,600 adults revealed that individuals in the top 25 percent for total carbohydrate intake had more than three times the risk for cataracts than those in the lowest 25 percent for carbohydrate intake.
• A large study of adult women in Iowa, Wisconsin and Oregon published in Archives of Ophthalmology in June 2010 found that eating foods rich in a variety of vitamins and minerals may help delay the development of cataracts. In an earlier study published in the same journal in March 2008, the same researchers found diets rich in lutein and zeaxanthin are moderately associated with decreased prevalence of cataracts in older women.
• A 10-year study of more than 2,400 older adults in Australia published in American Journal of Clinical Nutrition in June 2008 found that higher intakes of vitamin C or the combined intake of multiple antioxidants reduced the risk of cataracts in this population. (However, a more recent long-term study of Swedish women ages 49 to 83 published in the same journal in February 2010 suggests vitamin C supplements may be associated with a higher risk of age-related cataract.)
• A Japanese study of 88 eyes with cataracts published in British Journal of Ophthalmology in August 2009 linked cataract formation to oxidative stress associated with decreased levels of antioxidants in the lenses of these eyes.
• A large study of female health professionals conducted by researchers at Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Public Health and the Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System published in Archives of Ophthalmology in January 2008 found that higher dietary intakes of lutein, zeaxanthin and vitamin E from food and supplements were associated with significantly decreased risk of cataract.

While all of the nutrients, antioxidants and phytochemicals associated with cataract prevention in these and other studies can be found in eye vitamins and vision supplements, many experts believe these substances should be acquired from a healthy diet rather than from nutritional supplements.
But your daily diet may be lacking key nutrients. Therefore, it's wise to consider taking one or more daily nutritional supplements to make sure you are getting all the nutrients you need.
Prior to embarking on a regimen of eye vitamins and other nutritional supplements, consult your optometrist or ophthalmologist. In some cases, taking too much of a specific vitamin or nutrient could be harmful to your health.

Shape Up Your Diet for Good Vision

So exactly what is a healthy diet?
A healthy diet that provides good nutrition for healthy eyes includes five to nine servings of fruits and vegetables every day, at least three servings of 100 percent whole grains each day and two servings of fish each week. The total calories consumed should be just enough to keep you at a healthy weight, based on your individual activity level and metabolism.
Dark green and colourful fruits and vegetables are great sources of eye-friendly antioxidants. They also contain folic acid and calcium — important nutrients which also may help reduce the risk of cataracts and should be included in a healthy diet.
To maintain a healthy diet, it is equally important to avoid fried foods, processed foods and sugary snacks and soft drinks — all of which appear to be associated with an increased risk of cataracts, as well as obesity and other health problems.
Reducing sodium in your diet also is a good idea, as researchers at the University of Sydney (Australia) have found evidence that high salt intake may increase your risk for cataracts.
Giving up greasy fast food, chips, sugary snacks and soft drinks may not be easy. But it's worth it. Once you get used to eating delicious fruits and vegetables, fresh fish and other healthy foods, you won't miss junk foods. And your reward just might be both a healthy body and a lifetime of good vision.

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